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Category: STORIESON

  • The theory of quarks; Quantum Chromodynamics

    The theory of quarks; Quantum Chromodynamics

    Quantum Chromodynamics is a theory of the “strong interaction”. which is a fundamental force between quarks. A constituent of an atomic nucleus like a proton or neutron is called “baryon”, and a baryon is a composite particle made of three quarks.

    A quark has a property called “color charge” which is similar to electric charge. There are two types of electric charge, positive (+) and negative (-), and if a positive and a negative charge are combined they become neutral (0). On the other hand, a color charge has three possible values called `red’, `green’ and `blue’. In analogy to the three primary colors of light, combining these three charges, they become neutral (white).

    Using the color model, “mesons” can be represented by the relation of `complementary colors’. Mesons are also one of constituent of an atomic nucleus and they are constructed from a quark and an antiquark which is an antiparticle of a quark. The color charges of antiquarks are called `cyan’, `magenta’ and `yellow’, and mesons are made up of a pair of complementary colors. This means that the color charge of mesons is white (neutral).For example, a red colored quark and a cyan colored antiquark combine as a meson. The particles that consist of quarks (and antiquarks) called “hadrons”. Baryons and mesons are different types of hadrons.

    There are the other particles called “gluons” which has also color charges. Gluons are elementary particles that transmit strong force between quarks. Since all observed baryons, mesons and gluons have only “white color”, it is considered that color charged particles cannot be isolated and cannot be directly observed.

    By the way, leptons (electrons and neutrinos) and photons do not have any color charges.

  • The mysteries of colors; Three primary colors and complementary colors

    The mysteries of colors; Three primary colors and complementary colors

    Color Circle

    Red, green and blue are known as “three primary colors” of lights and when these all three colors are mixed the result is white. The colors that are pair of opposite side in the right “color circle” are called “complementary colors”. For example, red and cyan, green and magenta and blue and yellow are the pairs of complementary colors. When these two complementary colors are mixed together, it also makes white.

    The colors which yields white by adding all three primary colors are called additive colors, e.g. the three primary colors of lights. Conversely, the colors which yields black by adding all three primary colors are called subtractive colors.

    Source: https://www.jicfus.jp/en/promotion/pr/quark-card-dealer/

  • Qubit

    Qubit

    In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit (sometimes qbit[citation needed]) is the basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include: the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states simultaneously, a property which is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

    Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit

  • Quantum

    Quantum

    In physics, a quantum (plural quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property can be “quantized” is referred to as “the hypothesis of quantization“.[1] This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum.

    For example, a photon is a single quantum of light (or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation). Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized and can exist only in certain discrete values. (Atoms and matter in general are stable because electrons can exist only at discrete energy levels within an atom.) Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact (quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature.

    Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum

  • Quantization (physics)

    Quantization (physics)

    In physics, quantization (in British English quantisation) is the process of transition from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics. It is a procedure for constructing a quantum field theory starting from a classical field theory. This is a generalization of the procedure for building quantum mechanics from classical mechanics. Also related is field quantization, as in the “quantization of the electromagnetic field“, referring to photons as field “quanta” (for instance as light quanta). This procedure is basic to theories of particle physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, and quantum optics.

    Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics)